Chinese Debt
Here is a compilation of point on Chinese debt and some discussion to follow.
The Western media have made much of
Chinese economic pessimism as of late. The
Economist laments that that total Chinese household, government, and
corporate debt “has soared by 100% of GDP since 2008, and is now 250% of GDP.”
The level, though high relative to
other emerging market economies, is not so much a concern as the rapid
increase. Alair Turner writes that Chinese investments which rose to 47% of
GDP, is “dangerously unbalanced and heavily dependent on infrastructure construction
and real-estate development.” Kenneth Rogoff estimated that 60% of Chinese GDP
relies on construction.
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People's Bank of China |
A study by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, found that China’s nonfinancial corporations alone had debt
113% of GDP by the end of 2012, which, a year later, would stand at $14.2tn
making China the largest issuer of corporate debt. Much of that has gone to
largely state owned enterprises (SOEs), which enjoy implicit government
backing. Even private companies, such as Chaori, had creditors bailed-out after
a bond default.
The situation in China today
reflects many of the characteristic traits that Austrian business cycle theory
attributes to a credit induced boom. In short, the story goes that there is an
exogenous shock to the availability of credit which artificially lowers
interest rates and signals to entrepreneurs that marginal investments are now
profitable. This leads to an endogenous misallocation of production resources
to higher-order goods (i.e. more “roundaboutness”) which is inconsistent with
consumer time preferences. While production processes must return to be in line
with “consumer sovereignty,” evident by a depression, ever more credit creation
can forestall that inevitability.
Although China has a relatively high
national savings rate of 50% (compared to less than 20% in the U.S.), there are
a number of reasons for concern that the ease of credit access is artificial.
For one, central bank policy in the West, including the Federal Reserve’s
rounds of quantitative easing, may have had a knock-on effect on emerging
market economies. Paul Davies writes that “Between 2008 and 2012, the [growth
in East Asian country balance sheets] almost exactly matches the growth in the
US Federal Reserve’s balance sheet due to quantitative easing.”
Easy U.S. credit sought the high
expected returns from East Asian capital markets and bid down the interest
rates, which signaled to firms to lengthen the structure of production. The
People’s Bank of China is reported to have injected as much as $294B into the
economy, which has covertly gone to select banks and forced borrowing to
certain sectors like public housing.
The ultimate test will be whether
China can avoid a balance sheet recession from debt overhang. A bad omen is the
startlingly low growth in Chinese productivity, only 1% per annum between 1978
and 2012, which further points to growth being investment-driven. Chinese banks
report that bad loans are only 1% of their assets, though investors price them
as though it is closer to 10%.
The Financial Times writes that
Chinese officials were “pleasantly surprised” when it was revealed that 20% of
local government debt would be in default. Standard Chartered bank estimates
“some 32 per cent of new credit these days is used simply to pay off the
interest on existing debt,” and China will pay $1.7tn in 2014 on interest
payments alone. China does have the advantage of its financial system being
largely under government control, meaning panic induced fire-sales and
deflationary spirals are less likely. But this also means that financiers are
relatively protected from market disciplining losses and can continue injecting
larger amounts of credit stimulus to keep the boom going with potentially
larger negative future consequences.
The reality is that Chinese economic
opacity may hide the true size of debt burdens until some critical point. It
was not so long ago that officials systematically misreported their output
during Mao’s Great Leap Forward with horrifying results for the Chinese people.
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